There are at least 100 monogenic syndromes with arthrogryposis listed by McKusick, 12 between the two main groups are distinguished: the distal and multiple.
distal arthrogryposis: it is suggested that they are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the contractile apparatus, specifically myofibrils fast moving. 10
There are major diagnostic criteria in upper and lower extremities and lower for the classification of arthrogryposis distales.2,910
For the diagnosis of distal arthrogryposis type 1 the two major signs and for type 2 distal at least 2 older must be present and two menores.10
Classification of distal arthrogryposis: 9
Type 1 dysmorphia I talar digit (OMIM 108120) is an autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity. Clinically affects distal parts of hands and feet thrust finger, ulnar deviation and camptodactilia. Limitation of thumb abduction and limiting wrist flexion. The size and intelligence normales.10, 12 CPK is elevated, 13 spontaneously improves with age. Only 20% is with joint limitations, responds well to physiotherapy. 10, 12 is the most common of distal. They have intellectual disabilities.
Type 2 A Freeman Sheldon Syndrome (OMIM 193700) has autosomal dominant inheritance with expression variable.12 Clinically have short stature, palpebral fissures antimongoloid, swishing mouth, chin dimpled H, flexion contracture of the fingers ulnar deviation metacarpophalangeal, hallux valgus knees and hips contracture, varoequino foot, vertical talus, scoliosis, pectus excavatum and muscle stiffness. Intelligence is normal in most cases but cases are reported with intellectual disabilities. 9, 14 usually require surgery to release the fingers and foot varoequino.15 contractures and respiratory complications are reported difficulty in intubation (laryngomalacia) and muscle contractures with the use of halothane during anestesia.16
B with type 2 genetic heterogeneity (OMIM 601680) assigned several genes in the genesis of this entity as TNNT3 located in 11p15.5 Locus, encoding the protein TNNI2 Troponin T3 and protein troponin I 2; both bound to troponin C and tropomyosin involved in muscle contraction calcium dependiente.12 Facial findings are: triangular face, mouth and small chin and prominent nasolabial folds. They may have webbed neck and neck motion limitation. It affects distal parts of hands and feet vertically and varoequino talo foot and have severe camptodactilia and thrust of dedos.9,12 Usually contractures of the fingers require intervention quirúrgica.17
Gordon type 3 syndrome (OMIM 114300): Autosomal Dominant with reduced penetrance in women. Clinically submucosal cleft palate have, bifid uvula, short stature, hearing disorders, narrow shoulders and short neck. Contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joints, limitation of pronation and supination of the forearms and frequent dislocation kneecap. 9.12
Type 4 autosomal dominant (OMIM 609128): the physical examination of these cases have severe scoliosis, may have mental retardation, congenital torticollis, contracture of proximal interphalangeal joints without ulnar deviation, flexion contracture of the elbows and lower extremities they are usually normal. Scoliosis is usually progressive in childhood and requires intervention quirúrgica.9
Type 5 with heterogeneity (OMIM 108145): present ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, macular pigmentation and abnormal electroretinogram, limitation of ocular motility, conical teeth and short stature. The clinical pattern of contractures takes the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints with no folds of flexion and thumb opposition difficult. They restriction of dorsiflexion of wrist and forearm supination. The foot is varoequino vertical talus. It is described in these cases restrictive lung disease. 12, 18
With sensorineural deafness type 6: sensorineural Deafness. Size, intelligence, normal facies. Absence of folds of interphalangeal flexion with ulnar deviation of the fingers and limited flexion and extension of the fingers. Contractures of elbows and limitation of dorsiflexion of dolls. Lower extremities with stiff fingers. 9
Hecht syndrome type 7 (OMIM 158300) is an autosomal dominant entity with mutations in the gene MYH8, located in the Locus 17p13.1, encoding the heavy chain myosin 8 expressed in the masseter and extraocular muscles. 9, 12 Clinically have lockjaw, shortening of the flexor tendons of the fingers (pseudocamptodactilia), thumbs unaffected wrist dorsiflexion, varoequino foot, metatarsus varus, congenital dislocation of the hip, short stature and intelligence normal.9, 12 have implications anesthetic by poor mouth opening. 19
Type 8 syndrome multiple pterygium with genetic heterogeneity (253290, 605203): They have the physical examination: joint pterygium (folds of skin) in the neck, armpits, elbows or knees, expressionless face, ectropion, epicanthal folds, blepharophimosis, nasal hypoplasia, oral, nasopharynx, tongue, short neck, syndactyly of all toes, bone synostosis 9 and stenosis and anal polyps. 12
Beals syndrome type 9 autosomal dominant (OMIM 121050): Also called congenital Arachnodactyly contractural, 12 is caused by mutations in the gene located on FBN2 5q 23-31 locus, encoding fiibrilina 2 is expressed in connective tissue. 2, 9 On physical examination the distinguishing characteristics are: wrinkled ears or crushed, flexion contractures of the fingers, which are long arachnodactyly), contractures of the elbows, knees and hips, kyphoscoliosis and osteopenia.2,9 They also have congenital heart disease especially mitral valve prolapse with insuficiencia.2
There are other cases with distal arthrogryposis not described but require validación.9
Forecast: In the distal, generally, contractures of the hands, elbows, hips, knees and fingers tend to improve. The varoequino foot, vertical talus and scoliosis are treated conventionally, but usually not with optimal results. Most patients have normal intelligence and internal abnormalities are rare. The long-term prognosis is bueno.9, 20, 21
multiple arthrogryposis: are a heterogeneous group of congenital entities not only take distal joints and not all are of genetic cause. 12
arthrogryposis multiplex congenital (Amyoplasia) (OMIM 108110)
arthrogryposis multiplex congenital X-linked recessive (OMIM 301830)
neurogenic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (OMIM 208100)
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with swishing facies (OMIM 208155)
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita neuropathy (OMIM 162370)
Pena Shokeir syndrome type I (OMIM 208150)
COFS (Brain / Oculo / Facio / skeletal) or type II Shokeir Pena (OMIM 214150)
Bruck syndrome with arthrogryposis multiplex and osteogenesis imperfecta
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